5国家机构有哪些What are the national institutions 2身边的国家机构National institutions around 3我们的学校设有负责教学、德育的部门,Our school has departments responsible for teaching and moral education, 4每个部门都担负着特定的职责,以保证学校的教育教学活动能够顺利开展。Each department has a specific responsibility to ensure that the school's education and teaching activities can be carried out smoothly. 5同样道理,国家的正常运转需要通过国家机构实现,For the same reason, the normal operation of the country needs to be achieved through national institutions 6我们的生活也离不开国家机构的保障。Our lives are also inseparable from the protection of state institutions. ♧活动园Activity park 1星期六,黄海洋和爸妈妈一起去办事,过了非常充实的一天。On Saturday, Huang Haiyang went to work with his parents and had a very fulfilling day. 2判断一下，他们提到的这些单位哪些属于国家机构。Judge which of the units they mentioned are state institutions. 3到银行取钱Withdraw money from the bank 4去派出所办理身份证Go to the police station to apply for an ID card 5去医院看望生病的李阿姨Go to the hospital to see Aunt Li who is sick 6到民政局咨询老年优待证办理事宜Go to the Civil Affairs Bureau to inquire about the handling of the elderly preferential card 7路过国家监察委员会Passing by the National Supervisory Committee 8国家机构是国家机关的统称。State institutions are the collective name for state institutions. 9宪法是确定国家机构的最高法律依据。The Constitution is the supreme legal basis for determining state institutions. 10学校、医院、邮局等单位不享有宪法规定的职权,Schools, hospitals, post offices and other units do not enjoy the functions and powers stipulated by the Constitution. 11不属于国家机构。Not a national institution. ♧知识窗Knowledge window 1国家机构包括中央国家机关和地方国家机关。State organs include central state organs and local state organs. 2前者在全国范围内行使职权，后者代表国家在所在区域内行使职权。The former exercises its functions and powers in the whole country, while the latter exercises its functions and powers in the region on behalf of the state. ♧活动园Activity park 1课堂上,同学们一起交流自己知道的国家机构。In the class, the students exchanged information about the national institutions they knew. 2你知道自己所在地区的人民代表大会、人民政府、监察委员会、人民法院和人民检察院吗?Do you know the people's Congress, the people's government, the supervisory committee, the people's court and the people's Procuratorate in your area? 3我每天上学要经过市法院。I go to school every day through the city court. 4我家住在离区政府不远的小区。My family lives in a community not far from the district government. 5我知道监察委员会在I know that the supervisory committee is in 6我们学校每学期都请市检察院的叔叔给我们讲法律知识。Every semester our school invites the uncle of the city procuratorate to teach us legal knowledge. 7我爸爸的工作单位是市人民代表大会常务委员会。My father's work unit is the Standing Committee of the Municipal People's Congress. 1国家机关的职权Powers of state agencies 2不同的国家机关名称不同,职权也不同。Different state agencies have different names and different powers. 3它们就像我们身体的器官,They are like our body organs 4在承载着自己独特功能的同时,彼此之间又有着严密的组织性和协调性。While carrying their own unique functions, they are also closely organized and coordinated with each other. 5宪法是规定国家机关职权的根本法律依据。The Constitution is the fundamental legal basis for stipulating the functions and powers of state agencies. ♧活动园Activity Park 1根据职权内容的不同,我国的国家机关可以分为不同的类型。According to the different content of powers, our country's state organs can be divided into different types. 2请在宪法中找到以下国家机关,将其与对应的法定职权连起来。Please find the following state agencies in the constitution and connect them with the corresponding legal powers. 3全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会National People's Congress and its Standing Committee 4国家的审判机关,行使审判权State judicial organs exercise judicial power 5中华人民共和国主席President of the People's Republic of China 6民族自治地方的人民代表大会和人民政府,依法行使自治权The people’s congresses and people’s governments of ethnic autonomous areas exercise their autonomy in accordance with law 7国务院State Council 8国家的法律监督机关,行使检察权The state's legal supervision agency exercises procuratorial power 9中央军事委员会Central Military Commission 10中央人民政府,最高国家权力机关的执行机关,最高国家行政机关,The executive organ of the highest organ of state power of the Central People's Government, the highest administrative organ of the state, 11管理国家行政事务Manage state administrative affairs 12民族自治地方的自治机关The organs of self-government in ethnic autonomous areas 13国家最高军事指挥机关,领导全国武装力量The country's highest military command organization, leading the nation's armed forces 14监察委员会Supervisory committee 15国家权力机关,行使国家立法权State power organs exercise national legislative power 16人民法院People's Court 17国家元首,国家对内对外的最高代表The highest representative of the country internally and externally 18人民检察院People's Procuratorate 19国家的监察机关,行使监察权State supervisory authority exercises supervisory power 20全国人民代表大会是我国最高国家权力机关,The National People's Congress is the highest organ of state power in our country. 21它的常设机关是全国人民代表大会常务委员会,简称“全国人大常委会”。Its permanent body is the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, abbreviated as "the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress." 22根据宪法,全国人民代表大会行使立法权、决定权、任免权和监督权。According to the Constitution, the National People's Congress exercises legislative power, decision-making power, appointment and removal power, and supervision power. 23.1997年,第八届全国人民代表大会第五次会议决定批准设立重庆直辖市In 1997, the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress decided to approve the establishment of Chongqing Municipality 24.2018年,第十三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议产生新一届国家机构领导人In 2018, the first session of the 13th National People's Congress produced a new leader of state institutions 25.2018年,参加第十三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议的代表投票表决Delegates who participated in the first meeting of the 13th National People's Congress in 2018 voted 26《中华人民共和国宪法修正案(草案)》"Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (Draft)" 27说一说,以上图片分别反映了全国人民代表大会的哪项职权。Let me talk about the above pictures respectively reflecting which functions and powers of the National People's Congress. 28中国人大网监督工作专栏Supervision Column of China National People's Congress Network 29人民政府是行政机关,与我们的生活密切相关。The people's government is an administrative organ closely related to our lives 30它代表国家在经济、社会等领域行使行政管理职权,提供公共服务。It represents the country in the economic, social and other fields to exercise administrative powers and provide public services. 31人民政府包括政府自身及所属工作部门,The people's government includes the government itself and its working departments, 32这些部门行使政府的具体职能,我们经常会与它们打交道。These departments perform the specific functions of the government and we often deal with them. ♧活动园Activity Park 1行政机关的名称中常常出现人民政府、部、厅、局等。People's government, ministries, departments, bureaus, etc. often appear in the names of administrative agencies. 2请你判断以下机构是否属于行政机关。Please judge whether the following agencies are administrative agencies. 3中华人民共和国教育部Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China 4北京市第四中级人民法院Beijing Fourth Intermediate People's Court 5浙江省绍兴市人民检察院People's Procuratorate of Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province 6辽宁省宽甸满族自治县宽甸镇人民政府People's Government of Kuandian Town, Kuandian Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province 7你还知道哪些行政机关?向同学作个介绍吧。What other administrative agencies do you know? Let me introduce to your classmates. 8中华人民共和国各级监察委员会,是行使国家监察职能的专责机关,The supervisory committees at all levels of the People's Republic of China are the special organs that exercise national supervisory functions. 9是国家的监察机关。It is the country's supervisory authority. 10我国的司法机关包括人民法院和人民检察院:my country's judicial organs include the People's Court and the People's Procuratorate: 11中华人民共和国法院是国家的审判机关,The courts of the People's Republic of China are the national judicial organs. 12中华人民共和国检察院是国家的法律监督机关。The Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China is the country's legal supervision agency. 13司法机关的徽章Badge of the judiciary 14法徽既是人民法院的标志,也是法官的身份标志,The legal emblem is not only the symbol of the people's court, but also the identity symbol of the judge. 15体现着法官代表国家依法行使审判权。It reflects that judges exercise judicial power on behalf of the country in accordance with law. 16法徽的图案由麦穗、齿轮、华表、天平和红旗构成。The pattern of the French emblem is composed of wheat ears, gears, Chinese watches, balances and red flags. 17检徽既是人民检察院的标志,也是检察官的身份标志,The procurator emblem is both the symbol of the People’s Procuratorate and the identity symbol of the prosecutor. 18体现着检察官代表国家依法行使检察权。It embodies that prosecutors exercise prosecutorial powers on behalf of the country. 19检徽的图案由盾牌、五颗五角星、天安门、长城和橄榄枝图形构成。The pattern of the inspection emblem is composed of a shield, five five-pointed stars, Tiananmen Square, the Great Wall, and an olive branch 20法徽Law emblem 21检徽Check emblem ♧活动园Activity Park 1人民法院行使国家审判权。People's courts exercise state jurisdiction 2三名同学各抒己见,你认为法院可以审理哪些类型的案件？Each of the three students expressed their opinions about what types of cases do you think the court can try. 3甲借三万元人民币给乙,乙承诺两年还款。A borrowed 30,000 yuan to B and B promised two years of repayment. 4但到期后,乙仍未还款,甲可以到法院起诉乙,But after the expiration, B still hasn't repaid the money. A can go to the court to sue B. 5因为法院有权裁决老百姓之间的民事争议。Because the court has the power to adjudicate civil disputes between ordinary people. 6丙因诈骗罪被当地法院判处三年有期徒刑,C was sentenced to three years in prison by the local court for fraud 7因为定罪量刑是法院的职责之一。Because conviction and sentencing are the responsibility of the court 8丁在超市购买商品时发现正在售卖的牛奶已过保质期,When Ding bought goods in the supermarket, he found that the milk on sale had expired. 9于是向当地市场监督管理部门投诉。So complained to the local market supervision and management department. 10经立案调查,市场监督管理部门对该超市作出罚款六万元的决定。After a case was filed and investigated, the market supervision and management department imposed a fine of 60,000 yuan on the supermarket. 11超市认为处罚过重,直接将市场监督管理部门告上法庭,The supermarket believed that the punishment was too heavy and directly took the market supervision and management department to court. 12因为法院有权裁决行政争议。Because the court has the power to adjudicate administrative disputes. 13任何社会都会有争议存在。Controversy exists in any society. 14司法是解决社会争议的重要手段,Justice is an important means to solve social disputes, 15是维护公平正义的最后一道防线。It is the last line of defense to safeguard fairness and justice. 1国家机关的产生 Generation of State organs 2我国人口众多，不可能每个人都直接行使国家权力。 China has a large population, so it is impossible for everyone to directly exercise state power. 3人民通过选举产生人大代表，组成人民代表大会， The people elect deputies to the National People's Congress to form the National People's Congress, 4代表人民行使国家权力，对人民负责，受人民监督。 Exercising state power on behalf of the people, being responsible to the people and subject to their supervision ♧活动园 1.2018年全国人民代表大会期间， During the National People's Congress in 2018 2同学们通过电视、报纸等途径了解到会议的相关情况。 The students learned about the meeting through television, newspapers and other channels. 3课堂上，他们围绕会议提出了一些问题。 In class, they put forward some questions around the meeting. 4人大代表是怎样产生的？ How did deputies to the National People's Congress come into being 5如何代表人民行使当家做主的权利？ How to represent the people to exercise the right to be masters of the country 6全国人民代表大会一般什么时候召开？ When is the National People's Congress usually held 7会讨论、决定哪些事情呢？ What will be discussed and decided 8你能回答他们的问题吗？ Can you answer their questions ♧知识窗 1国家权力机关的产生 The emergence of state power organs. 2全国人民代表大会是由省、自治区、直辖市、特别行政区和军队选出的代表组成，The National People's Congress is composed of deputies elected by provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, special administrative regions and the armed forces, 3各少数民族都应当有适当名额的代表。 All ethnic minorities should have an appropriate number of Representatives. 4每一届全国人大代表总数不得超过三千人。 The total number of deputies to each National People's Congress shall not exceed 3000. 5全国人民代表大会每届任期五年， The term of office of the National People's Congress is five years. 6每年在第一季度召开会议。 The meeting is held every year in the first quarter. 7地方各级人民代表大会是地方国家权力机关。 Local people's congresses at all levels are local organs of state power. 8县级以上地方各级人民代表大会设立常务委员会。 Local people's congresses at or above the county level establish standing committees. 9地方各级人民代表大会每届任期五年。 The term of office of local people's congresses at various levels is five years. 10中华人民共和国和主席、国务院总理、中央军事委员会主席、 President of the people's Republic of China, premier of the State Council, chairman of the Central Military Commission. 11国家监察委员会主任、最高人民法院院长、最高人民检查长由全国人民代表大会产生。 The chairman of the state supervisory commission, the president of the Supreme People's court and the Supreme People's inspector general are elected by the National People's Congress. 12地方人民政府正职和副职、地方监察委员会主任、 The principal and Deputy officials of the local people's government, the director of the local supervisory committee. 13地方人民法院院长和地方人民检查院检察长均由本级人民代表大会产生。 The president of the local people's court and the chief procurator of the local people's Procuratorate are elected by the people's Congress at the corresponding level. 14在每年召开的全国人民代表大会上， At the annual National People's Congress. 15国务院总理、最高人民法院院长、 Premier of the State Council, President of the Supreme People's court. 16最高人民检察院检察长都要向全国人民代表大会作工作报告。 The chief procurator of the Supreme People's Procuratorate shall make a work report to the National People's Congress. 17会议上为什么要设置这一程序呢 Why set up this program at the meeting. 18.2018年，对《第十三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议关于政府工作报告的决议（草案）》进行表决In 2018, vote on the draft resolution of the first session of the 13th National People's Congress on the government work report 19国家的一切权力属于人民。All power of the state belongs to the people. 20人民通过人民代表大会行使国家权力。 根据宪法,“一府一委两院”由同级人民代表大会产生， According to the constitution, "one government, one committee and two chambers" are elected by the people's congresses at the same level. 21对同级人民代表大会负责, Be responsible to the people's Congress at the same level, 22受同级人民代表大会监督。 Subject to the supervision of the people's Congress at the same level 23我们常在新闻中看到“一府一委两院”这样的说法, We often see the saying "one government, one committee, two chambers" in the news, 24你知道它的具体含义吗? Do you know what it means? ♧知识窗 Knowledge window 1“一府一委两院”,其中“一府”是指人民政府, "One government, one committee, two courts" refers to the people's government. 2“一委”是指监察委员会, "One government, one committee, two courts" refers to the people's government. 3“两院”是指人民法院、人民检察院。 The two courts refer to the people's courts and the people's procuratorates. 4在中央,“府”是指中华人民共和国国务院, In the central government, "government" refers to the State Council of the people's Republic of China 5“委”是指中华人民共和国国家监察委员会, "Commission" means the state supervisory commission of the people's Republic of China, 6“两院”是指中华人民共和国最高人民法院、中华人民共和国最高检察院。 "The two courts" refer to the Supreme People's Court of the people's Republic of China and the Supreme Procuratorate of the people's Republic of China 7在地方,“府”是指地方各级人民政府, In local governments, "government" refers to local people's governments at all levels, 8“委”是指地方各级监察委员会， In local governments, "government" refers to local people's governments at all levels, 9“两院”一般是指地方各级人民法院、地方各级人民检察院。 "Two courts" generally refer to local people's courts and local people's procuratorates at all levels. ♧活动园 1人民、人民代表大会与“一府一委两院”的关系如下图所示。 The relationship between the people's Congress, the people's Congress and "one government, one committee, two chambers" is shown in the figure below 2请根据关系图与同学分享自己的认识。 Please share your understanding with your classmates according to the diagram. 3人民 the people 选举 election 代表 representative 人大代表 Deputy to the National People's Congress 组成 form 人民代表大会 产生 produce 监督 supervise“一府一委两院” "One government, one committee, two courts" 4人民是国家的主人。The people are the masters of the country. 5一切国家机关失和国家机关工作人员必须依靠人民的支持,All state organs and functionaries must rely on the support of the people, 6按照宪法和法律规定行使职权,Exercise their functions and powers in accordance with the Constitution and the law, 7自觉接受人表的监督,努力为人民服务。Consciously accept the supervision of human form and strive to serve the people ♧活动园 1有些工作岗位比较特殊,国家机关工作人员在履职时必须穿制服。 2交通警察协助小学生过马路Some jobs are quite special, and the staff of state organs must wear uniform when performing their duties. Traffic police help pupils cross the road 3法官审理刑事案件,检察官作为公诉人提起公诉When a judge tries a criminal case, the prosecutor initiates a public prosecution as the public prosecutor 4你还知道哪些国家机关工作人员应当穿制服?Do you also know which state functionaries should wear uniforms? 5为什么这些国家机关工作人员履职时须穿制服?Why do these state functionaries have to wear uniforms when they perform their duties? ♧阅读角 1爸爸的警服Dad's uniform 2我的爸爸是个警察,一年四季警服不离身。My father is a policeman. He is always in uniform all year round 3以前我对爸爸的警服又喜欢又生气,I used to like and get angry with dad's uniform 4喜欢是因为爸爸穿上警服很威武，I like it because dad is very powerful in his police uniform 5生气是因为穿警服的爸爸忙得没时间陪我。I'm angry because dad in police uniform is too busy to accompany me. 6长大了,我懂得爸爸的警服是警察身份的象征和执法的重要标志。When I grow up, I understand that my father's police uniform is a symbol of police identity and an important symbol of law enforcement 7爸爸说,警服代表扬善抑恶、维护正义,他爱这身制服,更爱警察这个职业。Dad said that the police uniform represents the promotion of good and the suppression of evil, and the maintenance of justice. He loves the uniform and the police profession |
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