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Part 1: Travel Planning Conversation
First, you have some time to look at questions 1 to 7.
Now listen to the conversation.

Good morning. How can I help you?
I'm thinking of taking a year off university next year and I'd like to travel around Europe.

OK, then. Do you have any idea where you'd like to go?
Well, I was thinking of starting in France and then working my way up to Eastern Europe, possibly going as far as Slovakia.

Well, there are a number of ways you can do this and we have various options available.
It really depends on your budget and how you'd like to travel.

That's just the thing, really. I've just finished my second year at university so obviously I'd like to do it in as cheap a way as possible.
That's fine. Could you give me a rough idea of the price range you're looking at?

Realistically speaking, I'm hoping to pay between about £700 and £900.
I could stretch to £1,100 but that's really my limit.

How long are you thinking of going for?
About 10 months.

To be honest, you'd be better off travelling for about 7 months if that's your budget.
OK, that's not too bad.

So, how would you suggest I travel?
Well, because of the time limit, I don't think walking is a viable option.

Of course, in this day and age, the most convenient way to get around is by flying,
particularly if you've got quite a bit you want to see in a short space of time.

Saying that, I still think the best way to get around Europe is by train.
As a student, you can also get a student railcard, which means cheap fares.

That sounds brilliant. How do I go about getting a railcard?
Well, if you decide that's what you want to do, then we can organise that all for you.

You'll need to fill in a form and provide us with two passport photos and we'll do the rest.
It costs about £36 plus about £10 administration costs.

Great. That's really not expensive at all.
And what about buses?

I was just thinking, if I decide to go to places which are a bit more remote...
There are always local buses, but these are not always a good idea.

They can be quite unreliable and in some areas quite dangerous
because the buses tend to be overcrowded and some of the drivers drive way too fast.

So, I would suggest you don't do this.
That sounds quite frightening. So, what are my options then?

You could hire a car, but it can be expensive.
Still, I do think if you're thinking about going to smaller towns and places which are off the beaten track,
then hiring a car is by far the better way to do it.

You can also look at sharing the costs by hiring a car with someone else.
That's a good idea. I guess I could put a message on the internet.

You could do that. But don't forget that you meet people when you're travelling.
And you'll probably find someone who's going to the same place as you are.

That's true. I want to stay in youth hostels.
So I'm sure I'll find people who are interested in going to the same places.

One last thing. What about taxis?
I was thinking about if I go out at night. I use taxis all the time here.

But taxis abroad are a different story.
In certain countries, they're no problem. But by and large, taxi fares are high.

If you do go out at night, try walking home.
But make sure you don't do this alone.

Try and find people to go out with at night or come home at a reasonable time.
But if you're staying in youth hostels, you should find plenty of young people to go out with at night.

I'm sure I will.

Now you have some time to look at questions 8 to 10.
Now listen to the next part of the conversation and answer questions 8 to 10.

Now have you thought about how you would connect to your family but how you'd like to travel to France?
Not really, no.

There are basically three ways.
You can go by ferry, which leaves every day and night,

or there's the hovercraft, which is more pricey but will get you there quicker,
and, of course, you could fly.

Well, I don't think flying is an option for me, as it'll be too expensive.
So I suppose I'll choose one of the other two.

It's a pity, really, as I don't fancy the idea of travelling by sea.
Last time I did that, I got terribly seasick.

Well, you're in luck, then, as at the moment there's a special deal on flights to France.
In fact, a plane ticket is now half the price of a ferry ticket, which is usually the cheapest option.

That's great. I'll do that, then. I much prefer flying anyway.
I'll need to get some details off you, then.

Firstly, how will you be paying? Cash, cheque or credit card?
If you pay by cheque, you'll need a cheque card, and a guarantee card.

I don't have my cheque book with me, so it'll have to be by credit card.
Fine. That's no problem.

If you could just sign over here, and then we'll have a look at flight times,
and I can sort out a youth travel card for you.

Fine. Oh, can I use your pen, please?
No problem.

Now, let's look at times. There is a flight leaving at 9am,
and one that leaves half an hour later,

or you can choose a later flight that leaves at 11.30.
No, I think 11.30 is too late, so I think I'd prefer the flight that leaves after 9.

I'm not very good at getting up in the morning.
No problem. Just give me a moment.

Right. That's booked for you.
Please remember that if you want to change this, you must give 24 hours' notice, or you will lose your place.

That is the end of part one.
You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Part 2: Discussion on H.G. Wells
First, you have some time to look at questions 11 to 16.
Now listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 16.

Okay, so to continue our look at modern European writers who have focused on the future in their work, today we're talking about H.G. Wells. Last week, I asked you both to do some background research on Wells, which we're going to discuss now.

Gitanjali, tell us about H.G. Wells.
Right. So, H.G. Wells was a hugely successful British science fiction writer, writing at the end of the 19th and the start of the 20th century, and much of his work focused on predicting the future.

Jason, do you think Wells was just using the future as a narrative device in his fiction?
No, no. He really believed we can predict the future. In fact, he gave a speech at the Royal Institution in London in 1902 called The Discovery of the Future, and the point he was making was that by looking at what you know about the present and about science, it's quite possible to predict the future.

Indeed. Gitanjali, do you think Wells was always optimistic in his predictions?
Not at all. In fact, he varied in his predictions from being extremely pessimistic about the future to being optimistic. Interestingly, one theory I read links the attitude in Wells's work to his own health. When he was writing The Time Machine, which was published in 1895, he'd just been diagnosed with an incurable fatal disease. Not surprisingly, the book is very pessimistic.

Being about a dystopia in the future, a long time in the future, the year 802-701, in fact, where there are two races on Earth, the Morlocks and the Eloi, and the Morlocks actually eat the Eloi.

I thought it was interesting, though, that it was H.G. Wells who actually came up with the phrase "Time Machine". So despite being pessimistic, the work has had a lasting effect on our culture.

Right. After The Time Machine, though, H.G. Wells didn't die, of course, and his recovery might be why he began to be a bit more optimistic about the future. So that brings us to his first utopia, Anticipations. Jason, tell us about that.

Well, Anticipations, or to give it its full title, Anticipations of the Reaction of the Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Scientific Thought, was published in 1901 and was set in the New Republic of the year 2000. Some of the things Wells predicts are fairly close to our reality today, including 24-hour news, global telecommunications, and even a European Union.

We'll come back to the accuracy of Wells' predictions a little later. Gitanjali, how was Wells' work received at the time?

Well, although Wells was extremely successful, not everyone respected his work or his predictions. Another well-known science fiction writer, Jules Verne, viciously attacked him for works such as The First Men in the Moon, which Verne argued weren't rooted in scientific fact at all.

That's right. Now, Wells wrote a number of other utopian visions of the future. Jason?

Yes. In A Modern Utopia, published in 1905, his vision was of a world where there's no private property, where everyone has access to wonderful health care, and interestingly, where everyone's personal information is stored on cards in a central database outside Paris.

Apart from the health care, I'm not sure everyone today would see that as a positive view of the future.
Neither am I.

And, on a similar note, Wells strongly believed in population control, and in The Shape of Things to Come, which was published in 1933, he sees and supports a world where the population is kept at two billion.

Once again, I'm not sure most people today would necessarily see that as a good thing.

Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 17 to 20.
Now, listen and answer questions 17 to 20.

Gitanjali, in your research, did you come across anything about the world brain?
Yes, I did. It's actually very interesting.

Throughout the 1930s, Wells predicted and supported the setting up of a huge world brain, the World Encyclopedia. And towards the end of the decade, in 1938, he wrote a series of essays called World Brain. In these essays, he called for the world to make use of modern technology to create an enormous global encyclopedia so that all our knowledge is available to all people, not just an educated elite.

Wells envisioned this as probably being on microfilm, and he thought it would allow anyone, anywhere in the world, to look at any book or any document. He also thought it would be created by everyone, once again, not just by an elite.

Yes, and as you can imagine, many people today say that the Internet has basically fulfilled his prediction. Of course, it doesn't use microfilm, but essentially, it does meet all Wells' main requirements.

That is the end of part two.
You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Part 3: Discussion on Rock Art
First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 27.
Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 27.

Hello, David.
Oh, hi, Mia. Sorry I'm a bit late.
Oh, no problem. Thanks for agreeing to help me with my assignment today. I really needed to go over it with someone.

Sure. You were going to talk about European rock art, weren't you?
Yes, the rock drawings in the caves of Lascaux in western France.
Oh, fantastic. Over 13,000 years old, I believe. What sort of drawings are they?

They're drawings of animals on the whole, but you can also find some human representations, as well as some signs. There are roughly 600 drawings at Lascaux.
Really? Were they mostly pictures of bulls?
Well, no, actually. The animal most depicted was the horse. Have a look at this graph. It shows the distribution of the different animals. You see, first the horse and then, after that, a sort of prehistoric bull.

Oh, OK. That's interesting, isn't it?
And the third most commonly drawn creature was the stag. There were some other animals, but these are the main ones.
What are the drawings like? I mean, what sort of style?

Well, the bulls are depicted very figuratively. They're not very realistic. They're very big by comparison to the other drawings of people and signs. They appear to be almost three-dimensional in some cases, following the contours of the cave walls. But, of course, they're not.

Amazing. Perhaps they felt these animals were the most impressive and needed to be represented like that.
Yeah, maybe. The drawings of humans, by contrast, consist of just simple lines, like the stick figures my little sister draws. Perhaps humans were seen as less important.

Hmm, perhaps. What about the signs? How did they draw them?
There doesn't appear to be much evidence of signs, and those that have been found are usually made up of little points. Rather like Aboriginal art from Australia?
Yes, something like that, but not as complex, of course.

So, apart from the bulls and horses and stags, were there any other creatures depicted?
In one or two chambers you do find pictures of fish, but they're quite rare.
What sort of size is the cave? It must be quite large to have that many pictures.

Well, it's actually a number of interlinking chambers, really. Here's a map showing where the different drawings can be found. Oh, good. Let's have a look at that. The first 20 metres inside the cave slope down very steeply to the first hall in the network. That's called the Great Hall of the Bulls. Here.

OK. Then, off to the left, we have the Painted Gallery, which is about 30 metres long and is basically a continuation of this first hall. But further into the cave?
Exactly. Oh. You'll find a second, lower gallery called the Lateral Passage. This opens off the aisle to the right of the Great Hall of the Bulls. It connects the next chamber with an area known as the Main Gallery. At the end of the Main Gallery is the Chamber of Felines. There are one or two other connecting chambers, but there's no evidence of man having been in these rooms.

Before you hear the rest of the discussion, you have some time to look at questions 28 to 30.
Now listen and answer questions 28 to 30.

Is the cave open to the public today?
Well, no, because after the initial discovery in 1940, it was opened and literally millions of people came through to see the drawings. Then, in the 50s, the experts started to worry about the damage being done to the drawings and the government finally closed the Lascaux Cave in 1963.

Is that so? It wasn't really the tourists that were doing the harm, but the fact that after thousands of years, the cave was suddenly open to the atmosphere and so bacteria and fungi started to destroy the pictures. You need a special permit to enter the cave now and very few people can get that, unless they're scientists or have some official status.

It's a shame, but I can see that they had to do something to protect the cave.
So that means you can no longer see this rock art?
Well, not exactly. What they've done is recreate the drawings in a man-made cave, which you can visit. Oh, brilliant. Yeah. The authorities decided to reproduce the two best sections of the site, so they've created a life-size copy of the Hall of the Bulls and of the painted gallery. It's just a cement shell, which corresponds in shape to the interior of the original. So now you can visit the caves without actually harming any of the 15,000-year-old paintings.

That is the end of part three.
You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Part 4: Lecture on Job Satisfaction
First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.

Job satisfaction is how happy an individual is with his or her job. Scholars and human resource professionals generally make a distinction between affective job satisfaction and cognitive job satisfaction.

Affective job satisfaction is the overall extent of pleasurable emotional feelings individuals have about their jobs and is different from cognitive job satisfaction, which is the extent of individual satisfaction with particular facets of their jobs, such as pay, pension arrangements, working hours, and numerous other aspects of their jobs.

At its most general level of conceptualization, job satisfaction is simply how content an individual is with his or her job. Affective job satisfaction is usually defined as a one-dimensional, subjective construct representing an overall emotional feeling individuals have about their job as a whole. Hence, affective job satisfaction for individuals reflects the degree of pleasure or happiness their job in general induces.

Cognitive job satisfaction is usually defined as being a more objective and logical evaluation of various facets of a job. As such, cognitive job satisfaction can be one-dimensional if it comprises evaluation of just one aspect of a job, such as pay or maternity leave, or multidimensional if two or more facets of a job are simultaneously evaluated.

One of the most significant aspects of an individual's work in a modern organization concerns the management of communication demands that he or she encounters on the job. Demands can be characterized as a communication load. Individuals in an organization can experience communication overload and communication underload which can affect their level of job satisfaction.

Communication overload can occur when an individual receives loads of messages in a short period of time which can result in unprocessed information or when an individual faces more complex messages that are more difficult to process. Due to this process, given an individual's style of work and motivation to complete a task, when more inputs exist than outputs, the individual perceives a condition of overload which can be positively or negatively related to job satisfaction.

In comparison, communication underload can occur when messages or inputs are sent below the individual's ability to process them. According to the ideas of communication overload and underload, if an individual does not receive enough input on the job or is unsuccessful in processing these inputs, the individual is more likely to become dissatisfied, aggravated, and unhappy with their work that leads to a low level of satisfaction.

Superior-subordinate communication is an important influence on job satisfaction in the workplace. The way in which subordinates perceive a superior's behavior can positively or negatively influence job satisfaction. Communication behavior such as facial expression, eye contact, vocal expression and body movement is crucial to the superior-subordinate relationship.

Non-verbal messages play a central role in interpersonal interactions with respect to impression formation, deception, attraction, social influence and emotional bonding. Individuals who dislike and think negatively about their supervisor are less willing to communicate or have motivation to work, whereas individuals who like and think positively of their supervisor are more likely to communicate and are satisfied with their job and work environment.

A supervisor who uses non-verbal immediacy, friendliness and open communication lines is more likely to receive positive feedback and high job satisfaction from a subordinate. Strategic employee recognition is seen as the most important program not only to improve employee retention and motivation but also to positively influence the financial situation.

The vast majority of companies want to be innovative, coming up with new products, business models and better ways of doing things. However, innovation is not so easy to achieve. A CEO cannot just order it and so it will be achieved. You have to carefully manage an organization so that, over time, innovations will emerge.

Mood and emotions form the affective element of job satisfaction. Moods tend to be long-lasting, but often weaker states of uncertain origins, while emotions are often more intense, short-lived and have a clear object or cause. Positive and negative emotions are also found to be the most important factors. Emotions were also found to be significantly related to overall job satisfaction.

It was found that suppression of unpleasant emotions decreases job satisfaction and the amplification of pleasant emotions increases job satisfaction. There are two personality factors related to job satisfaction: alienation and locus of control. Employees who have an internal locus of control and feel less alienated are more likely to experience job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment.

The characteristics like high self-esteem, self-efficacy and low neuroticism are also related to job satisfaction.

That is the end of part four.
You now have half a minute to check your answers.

第一部分：旅行计划咨询
首先，你有时间阅读第1至7题。
现在请听对话。

• 早上好，有什么可以帮您？

• 我在考虑明年从大学休学一年，想去欧洲旅行。

• 好的。您有具体的旅行计划吗？

• 我打算从法国开始，然后一路向东欧，最远可能到斯洛伐克。

• 我们有很多旅行方案可选，主要取决于您的预算和旅行方式。

• 我刚读完大二，所以希望尽可能节省开支。

• 您预期的预算是多少？

• 大概700到900英镑，最多不超过1100英镑。

• 计划旅行多久？

• 10个月左右。

• 说实话，以您的预算，7个月会更合适。

• 好的。您建议什么交通方式？

• 徒步显然不现实。

• 虽然飞机最方便快捷，但我建议坐火车。

• 学生可以办理铁路卡享受优惠。

• 太好了！怎么办理？

• 填写表格并提供两张护照照片即可，费用是36英镑加10英镑手续费。

• 那很划算。公交车怎么样？

• 偏远地区可能需要坐公交...

• 当地公交不太可靠，有些甚至危险，建议不要选择。

• 那还有什么选择？

• 租车虽然贵，但去小众景点最合适。

• 可以找人拼车分摊费用。

• 好主意！我可以在网上发帖。

• 住青年旅舍会遇到同路人。

• 对了，夜间出行打车安全吗？

• 国外出租车情况复杂，费用也高。

• 建议结伴步行回住处，青年旅舍很容易找到同伴。

现在请阅读第8至10题。
继续听对话并回答第8至10题。

• 考虑过怎么去法国吗？

• 有三种方式：每日发船的渡轮、更快但更贵的气垫船，或者飞机。

• 飞机太贵，我又容易晕船...

• 现在特价机票只要渡轮半价！

• 太好了！我选飞机。

• 请提供付款方式：现金、支票还是信用卡？

• 用信用卡吧。

• 请在这里签名，我帮您查航班。

• 有9:00、9:30和11:30的航班可选。

• 选9:30的吧，我早上起不来。

• 已预订成功。如需改签需提前24小时通知，否则会失去座位。

第一部分到此结束。
现在你有半分钟检查答案。

第二部分：关于H.G.威尔斯的讨论
首先阅读第11至16题。
现在请听讨论。

• 好的，今天我们继续探讨关注未来的现代欧洲作家，今天我们要讨论的是H.G.威尔斯。上周我请你们两位都做了关于威尔斯的背景研究，现在我们就来讨论一下。

• 吉坦加利，请给我们介绍一下H.G.威尔斯。

• 好的。H.G.威尔斯是一位非常成功的英国科幻作家，活跃于19世纪末20世纪初，他的很多作品都聚焦于未来预言。

• 杰森，你认为威尔斯只是把未来当作小说中的叙事手法吗？

• 不，他确实相信我们可以预测未来。事实上，1902年他在伦敦皇家学会发表了一个名为《发现未来》的演讲，他的观点是通过了解现状和科学知识，我们完全可以预测未来。

• 确实如此。吉坦加利，你认为威尔斯的预言总是乐观的吗？

• 完全不是。实际上他的预言从极度悲观到乐观都有。有趣的是，我读到的一个理论将威尔斯作品中的态度与他自身的健康状况联系起来。他在1895年创作《时间机器》时刚被诊断出患有不治之症，所以这本书非常悲观。

• 这本书描写的是公元802701年的反乌托邦世界，地球上生活着莫洛克人和埃洛伊人两个种族，莫洛克人实际上以埃洛伊人为食。

• 不过有趣的是，"时间机器"这个词就是H.G.威尔斯首创的。所以尽管内容悲观，这部作品对我们的文化产生了深远影响。

• 是的。不过写完《时间机器》后，威尔斯并没有去世，他的康复可能让他对未来变得乐观一些。这就引出了他的第一部乌托邦作品《预见》。杰森，给我们介绍一下。

• 好的，《预见》，全名是《机械和科学进步对人类生活和科学思想的反应之预见》，出版于1901年，背景设定在2000年的新共和国。威尔斯预言的一些事情与我们今天的现实相当接近，包括24小时新闻、全球通讯，甚至欧盟的雏形。

• 我们稍后再讨论威尔斯预言的准确性。吉坦加利，当时人们对威尔斯的作品有什么反应？

• 虽然威尔斯非常成功，但并不是所有人都尊重他的作品和预言。另一位著名科幻作家儒勒·凡尔纳就严厉批评过他的作品，比如《月球第一人》，凡尔纳认为这些作品缺乏科学依据。

• 没错。威尔斯还写过其他一些关于未来乌托邦的作品。杰森？

• 是的。在1905年出版的《现代乌托邦》中，他描绘了一个没有私有财产、人人都能享受优质医疗的世界，有趣的是，他还设想每个人的个人信息都存储在巴黎郊外的一个中央数据库的卡片上。

• 除了医疗这部分，我不确定今天的人们会认为这是个积极的未来图景。

• 我也这么认为。

• 类似地，威尔斯坚信人口控制，在1933年出版的《未来事物形态》中，他设想并支持将世界人口控制在20亿。

• 再次说明，我不确定大多数人今天会认为这是件好事。

现在阅读第17至20题。
继续听讨论并回答。

• 吉坦加利，你在研究中是否了解到关于"世界大脑"的内容？

• 是的，这个非常有趣。

• 在整个1930年代，威尔斯都在预言和支持建立一个巨大的"世界大脑"，即《世界百科全书》。到1930年代末，1938年时，他写了一组名为《世界大脑》的文章。在这些文章中，他呼吁世界利用现代技术创建一个庞大的全球百科全书，让所有知识为所有人共享，而不仅仅是精英阶层。

• 威尔斯设想这可能通过缩微胶片实现，他认为这将让世界上任何地方的任何人都能查阅任何书籍或文件。他还认为这应该由所有人共同创建，而不仅仅是精英。

• 是的，正如你所想，今天很多人都说互联网基本上实现了他的预言。当然，我们用的不是缩微胶片，但从本质上说，它确实满足了威尔斯的主要设想。

第二部分到此结束。
现在你有半分钟检查答案。