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2024-6-15 17:51| 发布者: admin| 查看: 120| 评论: 0

摘要: .

Part 1: Travel Planning Conversation
First, you have some time to look at questions 1 to 7.
Now listen to the conversation.

Good morning. How can I help you?
I'm thinking of taking a year off university next year and I'd like to travel around Europe.

OK, then. Do you have any idea where you'd like to go?
Well, I was thinking of starting in France and then working my way up to Eastern Europe, possibly going as far as Slovakia.

Well, there are a number of ways you can do this and we have various options available.
It really depends on your budget and how you'd like to travel.

That's just the thing, really. I've just finished my second year at university so obviously I'd like to do it in as cheap a way as possible.
That's fine. Could you give me a rough idea of the price range you're looking at?

Realistically speaking, I'm hoping to pay between about £700 and £900.
I could stretch to £1,100 but that's really my limit.

How long are you thinking of going for?
About 10 months.

To be honest, you'd be better off travelling for about 7 months if that's your budget.
OK, that's not too bad.

So, how would you suggest I travel?
Well, because of the time limit, I don't think walking is a viable option.

Of course, in this day and age, the most convenient way to get around is by flying,
particularly if you've got quite a bit you want to see in a short space of time.

Saying that, I still think the best way to get around Europe is by train.
As a student, you can also get a student railcard, which means cheap fares.

That sounds brilliant. How do I go about getting a railcard?
Well, if you decide that's what you want to do, then we can organise that all for you.

You'll need to fill in a form and provide us with two passport photos and we'll do the rest.
It costs about £36 plus about £10 administration costs.

Great. That's really not expensive at all.
And what about buses?

I was just thinking, if I decide to go to places which are a bit more remote...
There are always local buses, but these are not always a good idea.

They can be quite unreliable and in some areas quite dangerous
because the buses tend to be overcrowded and some of the drivers drive way too fast.

So, I would suggest you don't do this.
That sounds quite frightening. So, what are my options then?

You could hire a car, but it can be expensive.
Still, I do think if you're thinking about going to smaller towns and places which are off the beaten track,
then hiring a car is by far the better way to do it.

You can also look at sharing the costs by hiring a car with someone else.
That's a good idea. I guess I could put a message on the internet.

You could do that. But don't forget that you meet people when you're travelling.
And you'll probably find someone who's going to the same place as you are.

That's true. I want to stay in youth hostels.
So I'm sure I'll find people who are interested in going to the same places.

One last thing. What about taxis?
I was thinking about if I go out at night. I use taxis all the time here.

But taxis abroad are a different story.
In certain countries, they're no problem. But by and large, taxi fares are high.

If you do go out at night, try walking home.
But make sure you don't do this alone.

Try and find people to go out with at night or come home at a reasonable time.
But if you're staying in youth hostels, you should find plenty of young people to go out with at night.

I'm sure I will.

Now you have some time to look at questions 8 to 10.
Now listen to the next part of the conversation and answer questions 8 to 10.

Now have you thought about how you would connect to your family but how you'd like to travel to France?
Not really, no.

There are basically three ways.
You can go by ferry, which leaves every day and night,

or there's the hovercraft, which is more pricey but will get you there quicker,
and, of course, you could fly.

Well, I don't think flying is an option for me, as it'll be too expensive.
So I suppose I'll choose one of the other two.

It's a pity, really, as I don't fancy the idea of travelling by sea.
Last time I did that, I got terribly seasick.

Well, you're in luck, then, as at the moment there's a special deal on flights to France.
In fact, a plane ticket is now half the price of a ferry ticket, which is usually the cheapest option.

That's great. I'll do that, then. I much prefer flying anyway.
I'll need to get some details off you, then.

Firstly, how will you be paying? Cash, cheque or credit card?
If you pay by cheque, you'll need a cheque card, and a guarantee card.

I don't have my cheque book with me, so it'll have to be by credit card.
Fine. That's no problem.

If you could just sign over here, and then we'll have a look at flight times,
and I can sort out a youth travel card for you.

Fine. Oh, can I use your pen, please?
No problem.

Now, let's look at times. There is a flight leaving at 9am,
and one that leaves half an hour later,

or you can choose a later flight that leaves at 11.30.
No, I think 11.30 is too late, so I think I'd prefer the flight that leaves after 9.

I'm not very good at getting up in the morning.
No problem. Just give me a moment.

Right. That's booked for you.
Please remember that if you want to change this, you must give 24 hours' notice, or you will lose your place.

That is the end of part one.
You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Part 2: Discussion on H.G. Wells
First, you have some time to look at questions 11 to 16.
Now listen carefully and answer questions 11 to 16.

Okay, so to continue our look at modern European writers who have focused on the future in their work, today we're talking about H.G. Wells. Last week, I asked you both to do some background research on Wells, which we're going to discuss now.

Gitanjali, tell us about H.G. Wells.
Right. So, H.G. Wells was a hugely successful British science fiction writer, writing at the end of the 19th and the start of the 20th century, and much of his work focused on predicting the future.

Jason, do you think Wells was just using the future as a narrative device in his fiction?
No, no. He really believed we can predict the future. In fact, he gave a speech at the Royal Institution in London in 1902 called The Discovery of the Future, and the point he was making was that by looking at what you know about the present and about science, it's quite possible to predict the future.

Indeed. Gitanjali, do you think Wells was always optimistic in his predictions?
Not at all. In fact, he varied in his predictions from being extremely pessimistic about the future to being optimistic. Interestingly, one theory I read links the attitude in Wells's work to his own health. When he was writing The Time Machine, which was published in 1895, he'd just been diagnosed with an incurable fatal disease. Not surprisingly, the book is very pessimistic.

Being about a dystopia in the future, a long time in the future, the year 802-701, in fact, where there are two races on Earth, the Morlocks and the Eloi, and the Morlocks actually eat the Eloi.

I thought it was interesting, though, that it was H.G. Wells who actually came up with the phrase "Time Machine". So despite being pessimistic, the work has had a lasting effect on our culture.

Right. After The Time Machine, though, H.G. Wells didn't die, of course, and his recovery might be why he began to be a bit more optimistic about the future. So that brings us to his first utopia, Anticipations. Jason, tell us about that.

Well, Anticipations, or to give it its full title, Anticipations of the Reaction of the Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Scientific Thought, was published in 1901 and was set in the New Republic of the year 2000. Some of the things Wells predicts are fairly close to our reality today, including 24-hour news, global telecommunications, and even a European Union.

We'll come back to the accuracy of Wells' predictions a little later. Gitanjali, how was Wells' work received at the time?

Well, although Wells was extremely successful, not everyone respected his work or his predictions. Another well-known science fiction writer, Jules Verne, viciously attacked him for works such as The First Men in the Moon, which Verne argued weren't rooted in scientific fact at all.

That's right. Now, Wells wrote a number of other utopian visions of the future. Jason?

Yes. In A Modern Utopia, published in 1905, his vision was of a world where there's no private property, where everyone has access to wonderful health care, and interestingly, where everyone's personal information is stored on cards in a central database outside Paris.

Apart from the health care, I'm not sure everyone today would see that as a positive view of the future.
Neither am I.

And, on a similar note, Wells strongly believed in population control, and in The Shape of Things to Come, which was published in 1933, he sees and supports a world where the population is kept at two billion.

Once again, I'm not sure most people today would necessarily see that as a good thing.

Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 17 to 20.
Now, listen and answer questions 17 to 20.

Gitanjali, in your research, did you come across anything about the world brain?
Yes, I did. It's actually very interesting.

Throughout the 1930s, Wells predicted and supported the setting up of a huge world brain, the World Encyclopedia. And towards the end of the decade, in 1938, he wrote a series of essays called World Brain. In these essays, he called for the world to make use of modern technology to create an enormous global encyclopedia so that all our knowledge is available to all people, not just an educated elite.

Wells envisioned this as probably being on microfilm, and he thought it would allow anyone, anywhere in the world, to look at any book or any document. He also thought it would be created by everyone, once again, not just by an elite.

Yes, and as you can imagine, many people today say that the Internet has basically fulfilled his prediction. Of course, it doesn't use microfilm, but essentially, it does meet all Wells' main requirements.

That is the end of part two.
You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Part 3: Discussion on Rock Art
First, you have some time to look at questions 21 to 27.
Now listen carefully and answer questions 21 to 27.

Hello, David.
Oh, hi, Mia. Sorry I'm a bit late.
Oh, no problem. Thanks for agreeing to help me with my assignment today. I really needed to go over it with someone.

Sure. You were going to talk about European rock art, weren't you?
Yes, the rock drawings in the caves of Lascaux in western France.
Oh, fantastic. Over 13,000 years old, I believe. What sort of drawings are they?

They're drawings of animals on the whole, but you can also find some human representations, as well as some signs. There are roughly 600 drawings at Lascaux.
Really? Were they mostly pictures of bulls?
Well, no, actually. The animal most depicted was the horse. Have a look at this graph. It shows the distribution of the different animals. You see, first the horse and then, after that, a sort of prehistoric bull.

Oh, OK. That's interesting, isn't it?
And the third most commonly drawn creature was the stag. There were some other animals, but these are the main ones.
What are the drawings like? I mean, what sort of style?

Well, the bulls are depicted very figuratively. They're not very realistic. They're very big by comparison to the other drawings of people and signs. They appear to be almost three-dimensional in some cases, following the contours of the cave walls. But, of course, they're not.

Amazing. Perhaps they felt these animals were the most impressive and needed to be represented like that.
Yeah, maybe. The drawings of humans, by contrast, consist of just simple lines, like the stick figures my little sister draws. Perhaps humans were seen as less important.

Hmm, perhaps. What about the signs? How did they draw them?
There doesn't appear to be much evidence of signs, and those that have been found are usually made up of little points. Rather like Aboriginal art from Australia?
Yes, something like that, but not as complex, of course.

So, apart from the bulls and horses and stags, were there any other creatures depicted?
In one or two chambers you do find pictures of fish, but they're quite rare.
What sort of size is the cave? It must be quite large to have that many pictures.

Well, it's actually a number of interlinking chambers, really. Here's a map showing where the different drawings can be found. Oh, good. Let's have a look at that. The first 20 metres inside the cave slope down very steeply to the first hall in the network. That's called the Great Hall of the Bulls. Here.

OK. Then, off to the left, we have the Painted Gallery, which is about 30 metres long and is basically a continuation of this first hall. But further into the cave?
Exactly. Oh. You'll find a second, lower gallery called the Lateral Passage. This opens off the aisle to the right of the Great Hall of the Bulls. It connects the next chamber with an area known as the Main Gallery. At the end of the Main Gallery is the Chamber of Felines. There are one or two other connecting chambers, but there's no evidence of man having been in these rooms.

Before you hear the rest of the discussion, you have some time to look at questions 28 to 30.
Now listen and answer questions 28 to 30.

Is the cave open to the public today?
Well, no, because after the initial discovery in 1940, it was opened and literally millions of people came through to see the drawings. Then, in the 50s, the experts started to worry about the damage being done to the drawings and the government finally closed the Lascaux Cave in 1963.

Is that so? It wasn't really the tourists that were doing the harm, but the fact that after thousands of years, the cave was suddenly open to the atmosphere and so bacteria and fungi started to destroy the pictures. You need a special permit to enter the cave now and very few people can get that, unless they're scientists or have some official status.

It's a shame, but I can see that they had to do something to protect the cave.
So that means you can no longer see this rock art?
Well, not exactly. What they've done is recreate the drawings in a man-made cave, which you can visit. Oh, brilliant. Yeah. The authorities decided to reproduce the two best sections of the site, so they've created a life-size copy of the Hall of the Bulls and of the painted gallery. It's just a cement shell, which corresponds in shape to the interior of the original. So now you can visit the caves without actually harming any of the 15,000-year-old paintings.

That is the end of part three.
You now have half a minute to check your answers.

Part 4: Lecture on Job Satisfaction
First, you have some time to look at questions 31 to 40.
Now listen carefully and answer questions 31 to 40.

Job satisfaction is how happy an individual is with his or her job. Scholars and human resource professionals generally make a distinction between affective job satisfaction and cognitive job satisfaction.

Affective job satisfaction is the overall extent of pleasurable emotional feelings individuals have about their jobs and is different from cognitive job satisfaction, which is the extent of individual satisfaction with particular facets of their jobs, such as pay, pension arrangements, working hours, and numerous other aspects of their jobs.

At its most general level of conceptualization, job satisfaction is simply how content an individual is with his or her job. Affective job satisfaction is usually defined as a one-dimensional, subjective construct representing an overall emotional feeling individuals have about their job as a whole. Hence, affective job satisfaction for individuals reflects the degree of pleasure or happiness their job in general induces.

Cognitive job satisfaction is usually defined as being a more objective and logical evaluation of various facets of a job. As such, cognitive job satisfaction can be one-dimensional if it comprises evaluation of just one aspect of a job, such as pay or maternity leave, or multidimensional if two or more facets of a job are simultaneously evaluated.

One of the most significant aspects of an individual's work in a modern organization concerns the management of communication demands that he or she encounters on the job. Demands can be characterized as a communication load. Individuals in an organization can experience communication overload and communication underload which can affect their level of job satisfaction.

Communication overload can occur when an individual receives loads of messages in a short period of time which can result in unprocessed information or when an individual faces more complex messages that are more difficult to process. Due to this process, given an individual's style of work and motivation to complete a task, when more inputs exist than outputs, the individual perceives a condition of overload which can be positively or negatively related to job satisfaction.

In comparison, communication underload can occur when messages or inputs are sent below the individual's ability to process them. According to the ideas of communication overload and underload, if an individual does not receive enough input on the job or is unsuccessful in processing these inputs, the individual is more likely to become dissatisfied, aggravated, and unhappy with their work that leads to a low level of satisfaction.

Superior-subordinate communication is an important influence on job satisfaction in the workplace. The way in which subordinates perceive a superior's behavior can positively or negatively influence job satisfaction. Communication behavior such as facial expression, eye contact, vocal expression and body movement is crucial to the superior-subordinate relationship.

Non-verbal messages play a central role in interpersonal interactions with respect to impression formation, deception, attraction, social influence and emotional bonding. Individuals who dislike and think negatively about their supervisor are less willing to communicate or have motivation to work, whereas individuals who like and think positively of their supervisor are more likely to communicate and are satisfied with their job and work environment.

A supervisor who uses non-verbal immediacy, friendliness and open communication lines is more likely to receive positive feedback and high job satisfaction from a subordinate. Strategic employee recognition is seen as the most important program not only to improve employee retention and motivation but also to positively influence the financial situation.

The vast majority of companies want to be innovative, coming up with new products, business models and better ways of doing things. However, innovation is not so easy to achieve. A CEO cannot just order it and so it will be achieved. You have to carefully manage an organization so that, over time, innovations will emerge.

Mood and emotions form the affective element of job satisfaction. Moods tend to be long-lasting, but often weaker states of uncertain origins, while emotions are often more intense, short-lived and have a clear object or cause. Positive and negative emotions are also found to be the most important factors. Emotions were also found to be significantly related to overall job satisfaction.

It was found that suppression of unpleasant emotions decreases job satisfaction and the amplification of pleasant emotions increases job satisfaction. There are two personality factors related to job satisfaction: alienation and locus of control. Employees who have an internal locus of control and feel less alienated are more likely to experience job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment.

The characteristics like high self-esteem, self-efficacy and low neuroticism are also related to job satisfaction.

That is the end of part four.
You now have half a minute to check your answers.

第一部分:旅行计划咨询
首先,你有时间阅读第1至7题。
现在请听对话。

  • 早上好,有什么可以帮您?

  • 我在考虑明年从大学休学一年,想去欧洲旅行。

  • 好的。您有具体的旅行计划吗?

  • 我打算从法国开始,然后一路向东欧,最远可能到斯洛伐克。

  • 我们有很多旅行方案可选,主要取决于您的预算和旅行方式。

  • 我刚读完大二,所以希望尽可能节省开支。

  • 您预期的预算是多少?

  • 大概700到900英镑,最多不超过1100英镑。

  • 计划旅行多久?

  • 10个月左右。

  • 说实话,以您的预算,7个月会更合适。

  • 好的。您建议什么交通方式?

  • 徒步显然不现实。

  • 虽然飞机最方便快捷,但我建议坐火车。

  • 学生可以办理铁路卡享受优惠。

  • 太好了!怎么办理?

  • 填写表格并提供两张护照照片即可,费用是36英镑加10英镑手续费。

  • 那很划算。公交车怎么样?

  • 偏远地区可能需要坐公交...

  • 当地公交不太可靠,有些甚至危险,建议不要选择。

  • 那还有什么选择?

  • 租车虽然贵,但去小众景点最合适。

  • 可以找人拼车分摊费用。

  • 好主意!我可以在网上发帖。

  • 住青年旅舍会遇到同路人。

  • 对了,夜间出行打车安全吗?

  • 国外出租车情况复杂,费用也高。

  • 建议结伴步行回住处,青年旅舍很容易找到同伴。

现在请阅读第8至10题。
继续听对话并回答第8至10题。

  • 考虑过怎么去法国吗?

  • 有三种方式:每日发船的渡轮、更快但更贵的气垫船,或者飞机。

  • 飞机太贵,我又容易晕船...

  • 现在特价机票只要渡轮半价!

  • 太好了!我选飞机。

  • 请提供付款方式:现金、支票还是信用卡?

  • 用信用卡吧。

  • 请在这里签名,我帮您查航班。

  • 有9:00、9:30和11:30的航班可选。

  • 选9:30的吧,我早上起不来。

  • 已预订成功。如需改签需提前24小时通知,否则会失去座位。

第一部分到此结束。
现在你有半分钟检查答案。


第二部分:关于H.G.威尔斯的讨论
首先阅读第11至16题。
现在请听讨论。

  • 好的,今天我们继续探讨关注未来的现代欧洲作家,今天我们要讨论的是H.G.威尔斯。上周我请你们两位都做了关于威尔斯的背景研究,现在我们就来讨论一下。

  • 吉坦加利,请给我们介绍一下H.G.威尔斯。

  • 好的。H.G.威尔斯是一位非常成功的英国科幻作家,活跃于19世纪末20世纪初,他的很多作品都聚焦于未来预言。

  • 杰森,你认为威尔斯只是把未来当作小说中的叙事手法吗?

  • 不,他确实相信我们可以预测未来。事实上,1902年他在伦敦皇家学会发表了一个名为《发现未来》的演讲,他的观点是通过了解现状和科学知识,我们完全可以预测未来。

  • 确实如此。吉坦加利,你认为威尔斯的预言总是乐观的吗?

  • 完全不是。实际上他的预言从极度悲观到乐观都有。有趣的是,我读到的一个理论将威尔斯作品中的态度与他自身的健康状况联系起来。他在1895年创作《时间机器》时刚被诊断出患有不治之症,所以这本书非常悲观。

  • 这本书描写的是公元802701年的反乌托邦世界,地球上生活着莫洛克人和埃洛伊人两个种族,莫洛克人实际上以埃洛伊人为食。

  • 不过有趣的是,"时间机器"这个词就是H.G.威尔斯首创的。所以尽管内容悲观,这部作品对我们的文化产生了深远影响。

  • 是的。不过写完《时间机器》后,威尔斯并没有去世,他的康复可能让他对未来变得乐观一些。这就引出了他的第一部乌托邦作品《预见》。杰森,给我们介绍一下。

  • 好的,《预见》,全名是《机械和科学进步对人类生活和科学思想的反应之预见》,出版于1901年,背景设定在2000年的新共和国。威尔斯预言的一些事情与我们今天的现实相当接近,包括24小时新闻、全球通讯,甚至欧盟的雏形。

  • 我们稍后再讨论威尔斯预言的准确性。吉坦加利,当时人们对威尔斯的作品有什么反应?

  • 虽然威尔斯非常成功,但并不是所有人都尊重他的作品和预言。另一位著名科幻作家儒勒·凡尔纳就严厉批评过他的作品,比如《月球第一人》,凡尔纳认为这些作品缺乏科学依据。

  • 没错。威尔斯还写过其他一些关于未来乌托邦的作品。杰森?

  • 是的。在1905年出版的《现代乌托邦》中,他描绘了一个没有私有财产、人人都能享受优质医疗的世界,有趣的是,他还设想每个人的个人信息都存储在巴黎郊外的一个中央数据库的卡片上。

  • 除了医疗这部分,我不确定今天的人们会认为这是个积极的未来图景。

  • 我也这么认为。

  • 类似地,威尔斯坚信人口控制,在1933年出版的《未来事物形态》中,他设想并支持将世界人口控制在20亿。

  • 再次说明,我不确定大多数人今天会认为这是件好事。

现在阅读第17至20题。
继续听讨论并回答。

  • 吉坦加利,你在研究中是否了解到关于"世界大脑"的内容?

  • 是的,这个非常有趣。

  • 在整个1930年代,威尔斯都在预言和支持建立一个巨大的"世界大脑",即《世界百科全书》。到1930年代末,1938年时,他写了一组名为《世界大脑》的文章。在这些文章中,他呼吁世界利用现代技术创建一个庞大的全球百科全书,让所有知识为所有人共享,而不仅仅是精英阶层。

  • 威尔斯设想这可能通过缩微胶片实现,他认为这将让世界上任何地方的任何人都能查阅任何书籍或文件。他还认为这应该由所有人共同创建,而不仅仅是精英。

  • 是的,正如你所想,今天很多人都说互联网基本上实现了他的预言。当然,我们用的不是缩微胶片,但从本质上说,它确实满足了威尔斯的主要设想。

第二部分到此结束。
现在你有半分钟检查答案。


第三部分:关于拉斯科洞穴壁画的讨论
首先阅读第21至27题。
现在请听讨论。

  • 你好,大卫。

  • 哦,嗨,米娅。抱歉我迟到了。

  • 没关系。谢谢你今天抽空帮我讨论作业,我真的很需要和别人一起梳理一下。

  • 没问题。你是要讲欧洲岩画艺术对吧?

  • 是的,法国西部拉斯科洞穴的岩画。

  • 太棒了。我记得这些壁画有超过13000年历史了。主要画的是什么呢?

  • 大部分是动物,也有一些人物形象和一些符号标记。拉斯科洞穴里大约有600幅画作。

  • 真的吗?主要是公牛画像吗?

  • 其实不是。画得最多的是马。你看这个分布图,首先是马,然后是某种史前野牛。

  • 哦,明白了。真有意思。

  • 第三常见的是牡鹿。还有其他一些动物,但主要是这三种。

  • 这些画是什么风格的?

  • 野牛画得很具象,虽然不算写实,但比其他人物和符号画得大很多,有些甚至利用洞穴墙壁的凹凸呈现出立体效果。

  • 真神奇。也许他们觉得这些动物最值得这样表现。

  • 可能吧。相比之下,人物画就是简单的线条,就像我妹妹画的火柴人。可能当时人类被认为不那么重要。

  • 那些符号是怎么画的?

  • 符号不多,已发现的都是由小点组成。

  • 有点像澳大利亚原住民艺术?

  • 类似,但没那么复杂。

  • 除了野牛、马和牡鹿,还有其他动物吗?

  • 有一两个洞室里有鱼,但很少见。

  • 洞穴有多大?能画这么多画应该不小吧?

  • 其实是几个相连的洞室。这是分布图:入口20米陡坡通向"公牛大厅",左边30米长的"彩绘走廊"是主厅的延伸,右边"侧廊"连接"主画廊",尽头是"猫科动物厅"。

现在阅读第28至30题。
继续听讨论并回答。

  • 现在洞穴对公众开放吗?

  • 不开放了。1940年发现后开放参观,到50年代专家开始担心壁画受损,1963年政府就关闭了洞穴。

  • 其实主要不是游客造成的损害,而是封闭上万年的洞穴突然接触空气,导致细菌和真菌滋生破坏壁画。现在只有科研人员等特殊身份才能申请进入。

  • 真遗憾,不过保护措施很有必要。

  • 那现在看不到这些岩画了?

  • 也不是。当局按1:1比例复制了最精彩的两个洞室:"公牛大厅"和"彩绘走廊"。虽然是水泥结构,但完全还原了原貌,这样既能参观又不会破坏15000年前的壁画。

第三部分到此结束。
现在你有半分钟检查答案。

第四部分:工作满意度讲座

首先阅读第31至40题。
现在请听讲座。

工作满意度是指个人对其工作的满意程度。学者和人力资源专业人士通常将其区分为情感性工作满意度和认知性工作满意度。

情感性工作满意度是个人对其工作整体产生的愉悦情绪感受的程度,这与认知性工作满意度不同,后者是指个人对工作具体方面的满意程度,如薪酬、养老金安排、工作时间等。

在最一般的概念层面上,工作满意度就是个人对其工作的满意程度。情感性工作满意度通常被定义为一个单维度的主观构念,代表个人对工作整体的情感感受。因此,个人的情感性工作满意度反映了工作总体上给他们带来的愉悦或快乐程度。

认知性工作满意度通常被定义为对工作各个方面更客观、更理性的评估。因此,如果只评估工作的一个方面(如薪酬或产假),认知性工作满意度可以是单维度的;如果同时评估工作的两个或更多方面,则可以是多维度的。

在现代组织中,个人工作中最重要的方面之一是对工作中遇到的沟通需求的管理。这些需求可以描述为沟通负荷。组织中的个人可能会经历沟通超负荷和沟通不足,这会影响他们的工作满意度水平。

当个人在短时间内收到大量信息导致信息无法处理,或面临更复杂、更难处理的信息时,就会出现沟通超负荷。由于这一过程,考虑到个人的工作风格和完成任务动机,当输入多于输出时,个人就会感知到超负荷状态,这可能与工作满意度呈正相关或负相关。

相比之下,当发送的信息或输入低于个人的处理能力时,就会出现沟通不足。根据沟通超负荷和不足的理论,如果个人在工作中没有获得足够的输入,或未能成功处理这些输入,就更有可能变得不满、恼怒和不快乐,从而导致满意度低下。

上下级沟通是影响工作场所工作满意度的重要因素。下属对上级行为的看法会对其工作满意度产生积极或消极影响。面部表情、眼神交流、声音表达和肢体动作等沟通行为对上下级关系至关重要。

在印象形成、欺骗、吸引、社会影响和情感联系方面,非语言信息在人际互动中起着核心作用。那些不喜欢上级、对上级有负面看法的个人不太愿意沟通或缺乏工作动力,而那些喜欢上级、对上级有正面看法的个人则更有可能进行沟通,并对工作和环境感到满意。

使用非语言亲近、友好和开放沟通方式的上级更有可能从下属那里获得积极反馈和高工作满意度。战略性员工认可不仅被视为提高员工保留率和积极性的最重要计划,而且还能对财务状况产生积极影响。

绝大多数公司都希望创新,开发新产品、新商业模式和更好的工作方式。然而,创新并不容易实现。首席执行官不能简单地命令创新就能实现。你必须精心管理一个组织,随着时间的推移,创新才会出现。

情绪和情感构成了工作满意度的情感要素。情绪往往是持久的,但通常是来源不明的较弱状态,而情感往往更强烈、更短暂,并有明确的对象或原因。积极和消极情绪也被发现是最重要的因素。情绪也被发现与整体工作满意度显著相关。

研究发现,抑制不愉快情绪会降低工作满意度,而放大愉快情绪则会提高工作满意度。有两个与工作满意度相关的人格因素:疏离感和控制点。具有内控倾向且疏离感较低的员工更有可能体验到工作满意度、工作投入和组织承诺。

高自尊、高自我效能感和低神经质等特征也与工作满意度相关。

第四部分到此结束。
现在你有半分钟检查答案。


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