Part 1: Travel Planning Conversation Good morning. How can I help you? OK, then. Do you have any idea where you'd like to go? Well, there are a number of ways you can do this and we have various options available. That's just the thing, really. I've just finished my second year at university so obviously I'd like to do it in as cheap a way as possible. Realistically speaking, I'm hoping to pay between about £700 and £900. How long are you thinking of going for? To be honest, you'd be better off travelling for about 7 months if that's your budget. So, how would you suggest I travel? Of course, in this day and age, the most convenient way to get around is by flying, Saying that, I still think the best way to get around Europe is by train. That sounds brilliant. How do I go about getting a railcard? You'll need to fill in a form and provide us with two passport photos and we'll do the rest. Great. That's really not expensive at all. I was just thinking, if I decide to go to places which are a bit more remote... They can be quite unreliable and in some areas quite dangerous So, I would suggest you don't do this. You could hire a car, but it can be expensive. You can also look at sharing the costs by hiring a car with someone else. You could do that. But don't forget that you meet people when you're travelling. That's true. I want to stay in youth hostels. One last thing. What about taxis? But taxis abroad are a different story. If you do go out at night, try walking home. Try and find people to go out with at night or come home at a reasonable time. I'm sure I will. Now you have some time to look at questions 8 to 10. Now have you thought about how you would connect to your family but how you'd like to travel to France? There are basically three ways. or there's the hovercraft, which is more pricey but will get you there quicker, Well, I don't think flying is an option for me, as it'll be too expensive. It's a pity, really, as I don't fancy the idea of travelling by sea. Well, you're in luck, then, as at the moment there's a special deal on flights to France. That's great. I'll do that, then. I much prefer flying anyway. Firstly, how will you be paying? Cash, cheque or credit card? I don't have my cheque book with me, so it'll have to be by credit card. If you could just sign over here, and then we'll have a look at flight times, Fine. Oh, can I use your pen, please? Now, let's look at times. There is a flight leaving at 9am, or you can choose a later flight that leaves at 11.30. I'm not very good at getting up in the morning. Right. That's booked for you. That is the end of part one. Part 2: Discussion on H.G. Wells Okay, so to continue our look at modern European writers who have focused on the future in their work, today we're talking about H.G. Wells. Last week, I asked you both to do some background research on Wells, which we're going to discuss now. Gitanjali, tell us about H.G. Wells. Jason, do you think Wells was just using the future as a narrative device in his fiction? Indeed. Gitanjali, do you think Wells was always optimistic in his predictions? Being about a dystopia in the future, a long time in the future, the year 802-701, in fact, where there are two races on Earth, the Morlocks and the Eloi, and the Morlocks actually eat the Eloi. I thought it was interesting, though, that it was H.G. Wells who actually came up with the phrase "Time Machine". So despite being pessimistic, the work has had a lasting effect on our culture. Right. After The Time Machine, though, H.G. Wells didn't die, of course, and his recovery might be why he began to be a bit more optimistic about the future. So that brings us to his first utopia, Anticipations. Jason, tell us about that. Well, Anticipations, or to give it its full title, Anticipations of the Reaction of the Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Scientific Thought, was published in 1901 and was set in the New Republic of the year 2000. Some of the things Wells predicts are fairly close to our reality today, including 24-hour news, global telecommunications, and even a European Union. We'll come back to the accuracy of Wells' predictions a little later. Gitanjali, how was Wells' work received at the time? Well, although Wells was extremely successful, not everyone respected his work or his predictions. Another well-known science fiction writer, Jules Verne, viciously attacked him for works such as The First Men in the Moon, which Verne argued weren't rooted in scientific fact at all. That's right. Now, Wells wrote a number of other utopian visions of the future. Jason? Yes. In A Modern Utopia, published in 1905, his vision was of a world where there's no private property, where everyone has access to wonderful health care, and interestingly, where everyone's personal information is stored on cards in a central database outside Paris. Apart from the health care, I'm not sure everyone today would see that as a positive view of the future. And, on a similar note, Wells strongly believed in population control, and in The Shape of Things to Come, which was published in 1933, he sees and supports a world where the population is kept at two billion. Once again, I'm not sure most people today would necessarily see that as a good thing. Before you hear the rest of the talk, you have some time to look at questions 17 to 20. Gitanjali, in your research, did you come across anything about the world brain? Throughout the 1930s, Wells predicted and supported the setting up of a huge world brain, the World Encyclopedia. And towards the end of the decade, in 1938, he wrote a series of essays called World Brain. In these essays, he called for the world to make use of modern technology to create an enormous global encyclopedia so that all our knowledge is available to all people, not just an educated elite. Wells envisioned this as probably being on microfilm, and he thought it would allow anyone, anywhere in the world, to look at any book or any document. He also thought it would be created by everyone, once again, not just by an elite. Yes, and as you can imagine, many people today say that the Internet has basically fulfilled his prediction. Of course, it doesn't use microfilm, but essentially, it does meet all Wells' main requirements. That is the end of part two. Part 3: Discussion on Rock Art Hello, David. Sure. You were going to talk about European rock art, weren't you? They're drawings of animals on the whole, but you can also find some human representations, as well as some signs. There are roughly 600 drawings at Lascaux. Oh, OK. That's interesting, isn't it? Well, the bulls are depicted very figuratively. They're not very realistic. They're very big by comparison to the other drawings of people and signs. They appear to be almost three-dimensional in some cases, following the contours of the cave walls. But, of course, they're not. Amazing. Perhaps they felt these animals were the most impressive and needed to be represented like that. Hmm, perhaps. What about the signs? How did they draw them? So, apart from the bulls and horses and stags, were there any other creatures depicted? Well, it's actually a number of interlinking chambers, really. Here's a map showing where the different drawings can be found. Oh, good. Let's have a look at that. The first 20 metres inside the cave slope down very steeply to the first hall in the network. That's called the Great Hall of the Bulls. Here. OK. Then, off to the left, we have the Painted Gallery, which is about 30 metres long and is basically a continuation of this first hall. But further into the cave? Before you hear the rest of the discussion, you have some time to look at questions 28 to 30. Is the cave open to the public today? Is that so? It wasn't really the tourists that were doing the harm, but the fact that after thousands of years, the cave was suddenly open to the atmosphere and so bacteria and fungi started to destroy the pictures. You need a special permit to enter the cave now and very few people can get that, unless they're scientists or have some official status. It's a shame, but I can see that they had to do something to protect the cave. That is the end of part three. Part 4: Lecture on Job Satisfaction Job satisfaction is how happy an individual is with his or her job. Scholars and human resource professionals generally make a distinction between affective job satisfaction and cognitive job satisfaction. Affective job satisfaction is the overall extent of pleasurable emotional feelings individuals have about their jobs and is different from cognitive job satisfaction, which is the extent of individual satisfaction with particular facets of their jobs, such as pay, pension arrangements, working hours, and numerous other aspects of their jobs. At its most general level of conceptualization, job satisfaction is simply how content an individual is with his or her job. Affective job satisfaction is usually defined as a one-dimensional, subjective construct representing an overall emotional feeling individuals have about their job as a whole. Hence, affective job satisfaction for individuals reflects the degree of pleasure or happiness their job in general induces. Cognitive job satisfaction is usually defined as being a more objective and logical evaluation of various facets of a job. As such, cognitive job satisfaction can be one-dimensional if it comprises evaluation of just one aspect of a job, such as pay or maternity leave, or multidimensional if two or more facets of a job are simultaneously evaluated. One of the most significant aspects of an individual's work in a modern organization concerns the management of communication demands that he or she encounters on the job. Demands can be characterized as a communication load. Individuals in an organization can experience communication overload and communication underload which can affect their level of job satisfaction. Communication overload can occur when an individual receives loads of messages in a short period of time which can result in unprocessed information or when an individual faces more complex messages that are more difficult to process. Due to this process, given an individual's style of work and motivation to complete a task, when more inputs exist than outputs, the individual perceives a condition of overload which can be positively or negatively related to job satisfaction. In comparison, communication underload can occur when messages or inputs are sent below the individual's ability to process them. According to the ideas of communication overload and underload, if an individual does not receive enough input on the job or is unsuccessful in processing these inputs, the individual is more likely to become dissatisfied, aggravated, and unhappy with their work that leads to a low level of satisfaction. Superior-subordinate communication is an important influence on job satisfaction in the workplace. The way in which subordinates perceive a superior's behavior can positively or negatively influence job satisfaction. Communication behavior such as facial expression, eye contact, vocal expression and body movement is crucial to the superior-subordinate relationship. Non-verbal messages play a central role in interpersonal interactions with respect to impression formation, deception, attraction, social influence and emotional bonding. Individuals who dislike and think negatively about their supervisor are less willing to communicate or have motivation to work, whereas individuals who like and think positively of their supervisor are more likely to communicate and are satisfied with their job and work environment. A supervisor who uses non-verbal immediacy, friendliness and open communication lines is more likely to receive positive feedback and high job satisfaction from a subordinate. Strategic employee recognition is seen as the most important program not only to improve employee retention and motivation but also to positively influence the financial situation. The vast majority of companies want to be innovative, coming up with new products, business models and better ways of doing things. However, innovation is not so easy to achieve. A CEO cannot just order it and so it will be achieved. You have to carefully manage an organization so that, over time, innovations will emerge. Mood and emotions form the affective element of job satisfaction. Moods tend to be long-lasting, but often weaker states of uncertain origins, while emotions are often more intense, short-lived and have a clear object or cause. Positive and negative emotions are also found to be the most important factors. Emotions were also found to be significantly related to overall job satisfaction. It was found that suppression of unpleasant emotions decreases job satisfaction and the amplification of pleasant emotions increases job satisfaction. There are two personality factors related to job satisfaction: alienation and locus of control. Employees who have an internal locus of control and feel less alienated are more likely to experience job satisfaction, job involvement, and organizational commitment. The characteristics like high self-esteem, self-efficacy and low neuroticism are also related to job satisfaction. That is the end of part four. 第一部分:旅行计划咨询
现在请阅读第8至10题。
第一部分到此结束。 第二部分:关于H.G.威尔斯的讨论
现在阅读第17至20题。
第二部分到此结束。 第三部分:关于拉斯科洞穴壁画的讨论
现在阅读第28至30题。
第三部分到此结束。 首先阅读第31至40题。 工作满意度是指个人对其工作的满意程度。学者和人力资源专业人士通常将其区分为情感性工作满意度和认知性工作满意度。 情感性工作满意度是个人对其工作整体产生的愉悦情绪感受的程度,这与认知性工作满意度不同,后者是指个人对工作具体方面的满意程度,如薪酬、养老金安排、工作时间等。 在最一般的概念层面上,工作满意度就是个人对其工作的满意程度。情感性工作满意度通常被定义为一个单维度的主观构念,代表个人对工作整体的情感感受。因此,个人的情感性工作满意度反映了工作总体上给他们带来的愉悦或快乐程度。 认知性工作满意度通常被定义为对工作各个方面更客观、更理性的评估。因此,如果只评估工作的一个方面(如薪酬或产假),认知性工作满意度可以是单维度的;如果同时评估工作的两个或更多方面,则可以是多维度的。 在现代组织中,个人工作中最重要的方面之一是对工作中遇到的沟通需求的管理。这些需求可以描述为沟通负荷。组织中的个人可能会经历沟通超负荷和沟通不足,这会影响他们的工作满意度水平。 当个人在短时间内收到大量信息导致信息无法处理,或面临更复杂、更难处理的信息时,就会出现沟通超负荷。由于这一过程,考虑到个人的工作风格和完成任务动机,当输入多于输出时,个人就会感知到超负荷状态,这可能与工作满意度呈正相关或负相关。 相比之下,当发送的信息或输入低于个人的处理能力时,就会出现沟通不足。根据沟通超负荷和不足的理论,如果个人在工作中没有获得足够的输入,或未能成功处理这些输入,就更有可能变得不满、恼怒和不快乐,从而导致满意度低下。 上下级沟通是影响工作场所工作满意度的重要因素。下属对上级行为的看法会对其工作满意度产生积极或消极影响。面部表情、眼神交流、声音表达和肢体动作等沟通行为对上下级关系至关重要。 在印象形成、欺骗、吸引、社会影响和情感联系方面,非语言信息在人际互动中起着核心作用。那些不喜欢上级、对上级有负面看法的个人不太愿意沟通或缺乏工作动力,而那些喜欢上级、对上级有正面看法的个人则更有可能进行沟通,并对工作和环境感到满意。 使用非语言亲近、友好和开放沟通方式的上级更有可能从下属那里获得积极反馈和高工作满意度。战略性员工认可不仅被视为提高员工保留率和积极性的最重要计划,而且还能对财务状况产生积极影响。 绝大多数公司都希望创新,开发新产品、新商业模式和更好的工作方式。然而,创新并不容易实现。首席执行官不能简单地命令创新就能实现。你必须精心管理一个组织,随着时间的推移,创新才会出现。 情绪和情感构成了工作满意度的情感要素。情绪往往是持久的,但通常是来源不明的较弱状态,而情感往往更强烈、更短暂,并有明确的对象或原因。积极和消极情绪也被发现是最重要的因素。情绪也被发现与整体工作满意度显著相关。 研究发现,抑制不愉快情绪会降低工作满意度,而放大愉快情绪则会提高工作满意度。有两个与工作满意度相关的人格因素:疏离感和控制点。具有内控倾向且疏离感较低的员工更有可能体验到工作满意度、工作投入和组织承诺。 高自尊、高自我效能感和低神经质等特征也与工作满意度相关。 第四部分到此结束。 |
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