1. Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor

Concept Explanation:
When a current-carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, it experiences a force known as the Ampère force (or magnetic force). This force is the result of the interaction between the magnetic field and the moving charges (electrons) within the conductor.

Formula:
The magnitude of the force F can be calculated using the formula:
F = I × L × B × sin(θ)
where:
I is the current in the conductor,
L is the length of the conductor within the magnetic field,
B is the magnetic field strength,
θ is the angle between the direction of the current and the magnetic field.

Right-Hand Rule:
To determine the direction of the force, the right-hand rule is used: Point your thumb in the direction of the current, your fingers in the direction of the magnetic field, and the force exerted on the conductor is in the direction of your palm.

Example Problem:
A straight wire of length 0.5 m carries a current of 3 A in a magnetic field of strength 0.2 T. The angle between the current direction and the magnetic field is 30°. Calculate the force on the wire.

Solution:
Using the formula:
F = I × L × B × sin(θ)
F = 3 × 0.5 × 0.2 × sin(30°)
F = 0.15 × 0.5 = 0.075 N
So, the force on the wire is 0.075 N.